La storia della famiglia Pallominy a Firenze, Toscana, Italia.

La storia della famiglia Pallominy a Firenze, Toscana, Italia.

La storia della famiglia Pallominy in Toscana in generale, e nella città di Firenze in particolare, non è quello che si aspetta molto da una tipica vecchia famiglia italiana con una linea ben documentato che risale agli inizi del periodo romano. La storia della famiglia, si legge come un moderno romanzo d'azione volte, piena di eroi, belle donne, il dramma, la ricchezza, l'intrigo e sete di potere e il dominio degli scambi commerciali e nuovi luoghi. Una volta che l'inizio lettore e ricercatore, la lettura di questo romanzo d'azione, non può smettere di andare attraverso le linee nelle pagine di questo libro affascinante. Una cosa è certa, che la storia della famiglia Pallominy è simile alla storia di ogni famiglia, tranne che è moltiplicato per il fattore dramma di un milione.

La storia della famiglia Pallominy inizia circa 800 aC, nella zona conosciuta oggi come Lazio nella parte centrale e occidentale della penisola italiana. La regione Lazio è circondata e delimitata dalle regioni di Toscana, Umbria, Marche, Abruzzo, Molise e Campania. Il mare Tirreno si apre al Mediterraneo per la regione, che si sarebbe rivelato cruciale nella storia futura del popolo laziale.

La ricerca ha dimostrato che le origini etniche dei primi membri della famiglia sono Marsi. Marsi era un gruppo iniziale di persone che vivevano nel Lazio, nella regione chiamata Marsica. La storia Marsi risale a circa il 800 aC come archeologia hanno trovato tracce della loro presenza nel Lazio. I Marsi erano una tribù precoce italiano di origine germanica che si spostarono a sud nella penisola italiana, alla ricerca di più bello e migliore meteo pascoli per il bestiame. I Marsi erano guerrieri e abili commercianti, e garantito l'autonomia della loro nazione da molto presto nella loro storia. Marsi scambiati pesantemente con le altre persone vicine, e la popolazione è cresciuta, si allearono con questi altri gruppi. I Marsi e il loro tribù vicine entrato in una Confederazione nel IV secolo aC. I membri di questa confederazione incluso il Vestini, Paeglini e, infine, i Sanniti, che hanno aderito pochi anni dopo nel 308 aC. All'inizio e come il popolo romano è cresciuto in numero e importanza, i Marsi non voleva essere assimilato da loro, in modo che il Marsi combattuto numerose cosiddette "guerre ribelli" contro i Romani conquistatori.

Alla fine, i Marsi alleati con i romani in condizioni di parità per il popolo delle due nazioni. La colonia latina di Alba Fucens trova all'angolo nord-ovest del Lago di Vico fu fondata nel 303 aC vicino al territorio Aequian, come i Marsi alleati con i Romani. La città di Alba Fucens servito come un "melting pot" in cui il Marsi e Romani vennero a costituire una nazione, abbastanza forte per continuare a conquistare i popoli e le tribù circostanti come un tentativo di costruire il futuro grande Impero Romano. Ad Alba Fucens, dobbiamo aggiungere la colonia romana di altri-Marsi di Carsioli, fondata nel 298 aC. Carsioli servito lo stesso "melting pot" scopo, come Alba Fucens a est.

Archeologico trovare mostrano che la lingua Marsi era completamente latinizzata circa 275 aC, come iscrizioni su pietra e ceramica trovata nelle città Marsi show. E 'giusto dire che il Marsi divenne Latini, e / o Romani, su questo stesso momento.

Tornando alla Famiglia Pallominy, non è chiaro quando si iniziano riferendosi a se stessi come "Pallominy", tuttavia la ricerca hanno dimostrato che le origini del nome Pallominy ultima data posteriore al II secolo aC nella regione Lazio. E 'ormai ampiamente accettato che la parola è Pallominy una grafia variante della forma originale del cognome originale, che è "Palumbo". Palumbo è il termine latino per "colomba" e si ritiene che il nome di Palumbo è stato originariamente utilizzato come soprannome per i membri della famiglia. Era consuetudine nei primi tempi romani, a nome di individui sulla base di evidenti tratti fisici particolari o dettagli della persona o del suo / occupazione della sua famiglia o la fonte di ricchezza. Esempi di quanto sopra sono i nomi "Catone", che significa "saggio, Cicerone che significa cece, Bruto che vuol dire" brutto "e altri esempi.

The nickname Palumbo potrebbe avere iniziato come un soprannome per uno o più membri della famiglia Pallominy, ed è molto probabile che il motivo era che, all'inizio della loro storia, avevano qualcosa a che fare con "una colomba" e "colombe", ma il fatto importante è che il soprannome divenne il nome dell'ultimo membro della famiglia Pallominy, come prova che risale già nel 200 aC, hanno dimostrato. Questa evidenza rende anche chiaro che la famiglia Pallominy si erano incorporati nella civiltà romana presto intorno all'anno 200 aC.

Da questo punto in poi, possiamo iniziare riferimento alla famiglia di Pallominy come una famiglia romana. Poiché la famiglia Pallominy era stata impegnata nel commercio, prodotti per lo spostamento avanti e indietro tra le diverse città latina della regione Lazio, entro la metà del secondo secolo aC, divenne una famiglia ben consolidata romano i cui membri ora poteva permettersi di ingrossare le fila dei militari romani. I primi arruolamento militare e documenti finanziari nome di alcuni membri della famiglia del Pallominy, già nel 167 aC.

La storia ci dice che i Romani molto ammirato la civiltà greca, evethough Grece era stato indebolirsi a causa di lotte interne che portano alle guerre civili. Poiché la potenza militare greca era stata decimata, le città in lotta greco noleggiato eserciti mercenari, o comunque invitate vicine potenze ad allearsi con un qualsiasi città greca, in modo da poter combattere guerre greco tra città rivali. Roma ha visto questa opportunità di ulteriore "divide et impera" dei greci, con lo scopo di dominare tutto il mondo greco. In meno di 50 anni tutta la Grecia continentale venne sottomessa dai Romans.By questa volta, le legioni romane incontrano una certa resistenza forte da parte dei Macedoni, ma li schiacciato in due importanti battaglie, nel 197 e 168 aC. Il colpo finale è stato consegnato dal console Lucio Mummio poi, quando ha schiacciato l'ultimo libera città greca di Corinto nel 146 aC. Il superstite battaglia record lista due soldati di nome Palumbo, in quanto membri del raid orda che ha inserito la Corinto sotto gli ordini del Mummio nel 146 aC.

Analogamente, un Gneus Palumbo, è elencato come liutenant campo che partecipano alla conquista della Spagna, servendo sotto Tiberio Gracco.

Oltre alle attività militare della famiglia Pallominy, la maggioranza dei membri della famiglia hanno continuato la loro opera in quanto impegnati in iniziative di scambio e commercio. Trade Records il tempo di Gaio Mario, intorno al 100 aC, la lista della famiglia Palumbo in tasse varie e documenti di censimento come commercianti romani, principalmente commerciali con le città greche nella parte meridionale della penisola italiana, nella Magna Grecia.

The history of the Pallominy family in Florence, Tuscany, Italy.

The history of the Pallominy family in Tuscany in general, and in the city of Florence in particular, is not what one quite expects from a typical old Italian family with a well-documented line that dates back to early Roman times. The family's history reads like a modern times action novel, full of heroes, beautiful women, drama, wealth, intrigue and hunger for power and dominance of trade and commercial new venues. Once the reader and researcher start reading this action novel, he cannot stop going through the lines in the pages of this fascinating book. One thing is certain, that the history of the Pallominy family is similar to the history of every family, except that the drama factor is multiplied by one million.
The history of the Pallominy family starts about 800 BC in the area known today as Lazio in the central and western side of the Italian peninsula. The Lazio region is surrounded and bordered by the regions of Tuscany, Umbria, Marche, Abruzzo, Molise and Campania. The Tyrrhenian sea opens the Mediterranean to the region, which would prove to be crucial in the future history of the people from Lazio.
Research has shown that the ethnic origins of the early members of the family are Marsi. The Marsi was an early group of people that lived in the Lazio, in the region called Marsica. The Marsi history dates back to about 800 BC as archeology have found vestiges of their presence in the Lazio. The Marsi were an early Italian tribe of Germanic origin that moved south into the Italian peninsula, looking for nicer weather and better pastures for their cattle. The Marsi were skilled warriors and traders, and secured the autonomy of their nation from very early in their history. The Marsi traded heavily with other neighboring people, and as population grew, they allied themselves with these other groups. The Marsi and their neighboring tribes entered a Confederacy in the fourth century BC. Members of this confederacy included the Vestini, Paeglini and finally the Samnites, that joined few years later in 308 BC. At the beginning and as the Roman people grew in numbers and importance, the Marsi did not want to be assimilated by them, so the Marsi fought several so-called "rebellious wars" against the conquering Romans.
At the end, the Marsi allied with the Roman on terms of equality for the people of both nations. The Latin colony of Alba Fucens located on the northwestern corner of Lake Vico was founded in 303 BC near the Aequian territory, as the Marsi allied with the Romans. The city of Alba Fucens served as a "melting pot" where the Marsi and Romans came to constitute one nation, strong enough to continue conquering surrounding peoples and tribes as an attempt to build the future mighty Roman Empire. To Alba Fucens, we must add the other Roman-Marsi colony of Carsioli, founded in 298 BC. Carsioli served the same "melting pot" purpose as Alba Fucens to the east.
Archaeological finding show that the Marsi language was completely Latinized around 275 BC, as inscriptions on stone and pottery found in the Marsi cities show. It is fair to say that the Marsi became Latins, and/or Romans, about this same time.
Going back to the Pallominy Family, it is not clear when they starting referring to themselves as "Pallominy," however research have shown that the origins of the Pallominy last name date back to the second century BC in the Lazio region. It is widely accepted now that the word Pallominy is a variant spelling of the original form of the original last name, which is "Palumbo." Palumbo is the Latin word for "dove" and it is believed that the name Palumbo was originally used as a nickname for the members of the family. It was customary in early Roman times; to name individuals based on obvious physical traits or peculiar details of the person or his/her family's occupation or source of wealth. Examples of the above are the names "Cato" meaning "wise, Cicero which means chickpea, Brutus which means "ugly" and other examples.
The nickname Palumbo might have started as a nickname for one or more members of the Pallominy family, and it is very probable that the reason was that, early in their history, they had something to do with "a dove" or "doves", but the important fact is that the nickname became the last name of the members of the Pallominy family, as evidence dating back as early as 200 BC, have shown. This evidence also makes it clear that the Pallominy family had incorporated themselves into the early Roman civilization around the year 200 BC.

From this point on, we can start referring to the Pallominy family as a Roman family. Since the Pallominy family had been engaged in the trading business, moving products back and forth between the different Latin cities in the Lazio region, by the middle of the second century BC, it became a well-established Roman family whose members now could afford to join the ranks of the Roman military. Early enlistment and military financial records name some members of the Pallominy family members, as early as 167 BC.

History tells us that the Romans greatly admired the Greek civilization, evethough Grece had been weaken due to internal strife leading to civil wars. As the Greek military power had been decimated, the warring Greek cities hired mercenary armies, or invited neighboring powers to ally themselves with any given Greek city, so they could fight Greek wars between rival cities. Rome saw this opportunity to further “divide and conquer” the Greeks, with the purpose of totally dominate the Greek world. In less than 50 years the whole of mainland Greece was subdued by the Romans.By this time, the Roman legions encounter some strong resistance from the Macedonians, but they crushed them in two important battles, in 197 and 168 BC. The final blow was delivered by the then Consul Lucius Mummius, when he flattened the last free Greek city of Corinth in 146 BC. The surviving battle records list two soldiers named Palumbo, as members of the raiding horde that entered the Corinth under the orders of Mummius in 146 BC.

Similarly, a Gneus Palumbo, is listed as field liutenant participating in the conquest of Spain, serving under Tiberius Gracchus.

Besides the military activities of the Pallominy family, the majority of the family members continued their work as they engaged in trading ventures and commerce. Trade records of the time of Gaius Marius, around 100 BC, list the Palumbo family in several tax and census documents as Roman traders, mainly trading with Greek cities in the southern half of the Italian Peninsula, in the Magna Graecia.

The difference between "Metaphoric" and "Idiomatic."

Some people use the two terms interchangeably, like if they had the same meaning, however, if we study the real meaning of each of the two terms, we come to understand that there are not. Therefore, we have to be careful when we use them.

"Metaphoric' refers to the use of one word or phrase, to replace another simpler word or phrase in a descriptive sentence. The purpose is to emphasize an idea or quality. An example of metaphoric is: "I am swimming in an ocean of bills" which is a more colorful and emphatic way of saying "I have a lot of bills."
The term "Idiomatic" on the other hand, refers to a particular way speakers of a given language, word their sentences. For example it is well known that in Spanish all inanimate objects have a gender assigned to them; The "table" is feminine, and when referring to a table in Spanish, one must use the feminine article in front of it: "La mesa." The last is idiomatic of Spanish and is different from English, where "The Table " is neutral, no gender attached to it.
Finally, metaphoric and idiomatic are two different terms, and words, and should not be used interchangeably.

The real story behind the movie Scarface, by Boris F. Pallominy

The real story behind the movie Scarface, by Boris F. Pallominy.
The movie Scarface with Al Pacino, and directed by Brian DePalma, is based on a true story that was still evolving about the time the movie was shot. This real life story is very violent, and started a couple of years before the movie was shot. The real life story involved real life individuals living and interacting both in the USA and in Bolivia. These individuals were criminals and outlaws at all levels of the illegal drug trade and of government structures. These characters crossed the borders back and forth in the commission of their crimes, which evidenced the trans-national character of their criminal enterprise. The real life story is more complicated and interesting than what the movie Scarface portraits. The story of the real Scarface started in Bolivia, around July, 1980. The increased demand for Cocaine in the USA and northern Europe in the late 70's and early 80's resulted in a shotgun increment in the production of this drug in South America, mainly in Bolivia. With a Wild West mentality and attitude, drug lords in Bolivia started to bribe corrupt Bolivian officials at all levels, which soon became greedy and started to find new ways to facilitate drug trafficking within Bolivia and to move the cocaine produced, to the drug markets in the USA and northern Europe. The corrupt Bolivian government officials included some high-ranking military officers, who allied with each other and planned and executed the ultimate attempt to finally seize power by the horns in Bolivia. With a violent coup d'etat, these military officers aided by the extreme "right wing" members of the Bolivian government, seized the reins of government in 1980, and did not meet any resistance by the citizens, since they were dissatisfied with the civilian government anyway. The high ranking military officers involved in the coup d'etat of July 1980, were headed by General Luis Garcia Meza Tejada and his right arm and Minister of the Interior Cnl. Luis Arce Gomez. General Luis Garcia Meza and to his left, Colonel Luis Arce Gomez, La Paz, Bolivia, 1980. These two were just the two heads of a body of hundreds of military officers that aligned themselves with Garcia-Meza and Arce Gomez, but that were never publicly denounced. Some of them are even still active today in different spheres of government and economic activities in Evo Morales' Bolivia. The above referenced group of Bolivian Military Officers, headed by Garcia Meza and Arce Gomez, weaseled their way inside the close circle of the then lawfully elected President of Bolivia, Mrs. Lydia Gueiller Tejada. Gueiller Tejada was pressured into appointing Army General Luis Garcia Meza as Commander in Chief of the entire Bolivian Armed forces. Once in office, Garcia Meza formed a military "Junta." Garcia Meza made it looks as if were acting in defense of the welfare of the Bolivian people, as if the constitutional government of Gueiller Tejada were inefficient and corrupt and as if he were the rescuing hero of the populace. A military Junta is a powerful body created in times of extreme distress in a country, and it is usually composed of all the country's Military Generals coming together to decide over national matters and the countries destiny, as they take over the government from the hands of the constitutionally elected civilians. The history of the Junta goes back to Roman times, when military Generals formed Triumvirates to seized power and the reins of the government, mainly to benefit themselves, but pretending that they are doing it for the good of the people. The Junta created in Bolivia in 1980, was unlawful and unnecessary, since there was no distress in the country at the time, and the civilian government was not committing any abuses or illegal activities at all. The Junta headed by Garcia Meza was created by him, with the sole purpose, and intention, of taking over power and to facilitate cocaine traffic within Bolivia and to facilitate export activities of Cocaine to the USA and European drug markets, where demand had reached the highest point in history. Investigations have revealed that the money used to finance the coup d'etat by the Junta, came from Cocaine trafficking, and was handed out personally to Garcia Meza by two of the most powerful drug lords in Bolivia. The coup d'etat committed by Garcia Meza's "Junta," went to the history books as the “Bolivian Cocaine Coup" of July 17 1980 (wikipedia.org). Additionally, it is worthwhile to mention that most of the officers involved in Garcia Meza's coup d'etat, were the same officers involved in General Hugo Banzer Suarez's dictatorship of the early 1970's. Maybe these officers aligned themselves with Garcia Meza, because they missed the power they enjoyed during Banzer Suarez's dictatorship, or maybe they felt compelled to re-take power because the net was tightening around them as the people demanded the investigation of the economic and human right abuses committed by these officers while in power with Banzer Suarez (wikipedia.org). Anyhow, once Garcia Meza was in power, he immediately appointed the then Army Colonel Luis Arce Gomez, as his Minister of the Interior. Furthermore, Garcia Meza invested Arce Gomez with unlimited powers and immunity, to reign loose even over life and death of the Bolivian citizens. It is now part of history what Arce Gomez said once on public television, addressing the Bolivian public, Arce Gomez said: "from now on, anyone who is against the government in any way, better leave his house with his last will under his arm." Arce Gomez is actually portrayed in the Scarface movie; he is portrayed as one of the associates of Tony Montana's powerful cocaine supplier Alejandro Sosa. Furthermore, in the scene where Sosa seeks Montana's help to get rid of a political adversary in Washington DC, the president of Bolivia's name is mentioned openly, as one of Sosa's co-associates; Obviously, DePalma changed Garcia Meza's real name to General "Cucombre," the "Bolivian Cocaine President." Also, the reason why Alejandro Sosa wants Montana to help him is to prevent the speech of a Bolivian political dissident and activist, who is in New York at the time, to speak in front of the United Nations to get help to destitute Garcia Meza from power. The last, is a real episode in history, and it is even depicted in the movie Scarface, when the dissident is talking with 60 Minutes' reporter, which happened in reality at the end of 1980. It is also a real fact that the real life individuals, portrayed in Scarface by Montana, Alejandro Sosa, the Cucombre's minister of the interior, met at Sosa's mansion in Santa Cruz, Bolivia to plan this assassination. The meeting was investigated and made public by a real life documentary aired by the CBS's "60 minutes." Furthermore, in this documentary, the Bolivian political activist, denounces the involvement of the Bolivian government in drug trafficking activities, and names all three players in the cocaine trafficking from Bolivia to the USA: Bolivian President General Luis Garcia Meza, Bolivian Minister of the Interior Colonel Luis Arce Gomez, and drug lord and Bolivian entrepreneur Roberto Suarez Gomez, the King of Cocaine, portrayed as Alejandro Sosa in Scarface. The way this character of Alejandro Sosa is portrayed in the movie Scarface, is based on a real-life events and documented incidents and activities, related to drug trafficking involving Bolivian drug lord Roberto Suarez, "the King of Cocaine." (For more information on Roberto Suarez Gomez, go to the following link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Su%C3%A1rez_Gom%C3%A9z ).

Roberto Suarez Gomez, nicknamed The "king of cocaine" (1932 – July 20, 2000), the real Tony Montana, the real "Scarface."

In real life, Roberto Suarez Gomez, established connections and deals with both, General Garcia Meza and Colonel Luis Arce Gomez, "the minister of Cocaine." By these connections and agreements, Roberto Suarez obtained protection and Carte Blanche, to do and undo whatever he pleased in order to further his drug trafficking activities. Roberto Suarez of course, was to make payments to every single member of the corrupt military government pyramidal structure, which had Garcia Meza and Arce Gomez sitting at the top. Roberto Suarez's operations included the production of cocaine in Bolivia, starting at the purchase of coca leafs from the coca farmers in Cochabamba and Santa Cruz; the clandestine production of base paste of Cocaine in laboratories hidden in the jungles of Santa Cruz; the packaging of Cocaine base paste into cocaine bricks of one kilo each; the stashing all those kilos to make tons so they could be flown in bulk from clandestine air strips in the jungles in Santa Cruz. Bolivia, to be dropped in the swamps in Florida, near Miami. Researchers have estimated that Roberto Suarez Gomez made an average of six hundred million dollars a year, that is in 1980's millions of dollars. If we convert the buying power of 600 million dollars to today's dollars, we get $1500 million dollars a year that Roberto Suarez Gomez earned after paying all expenses of the overhead. Roberto Suarez was so filthy rich and cocky, that he contacted both presidents, President Ronald Reagan of the USA, and the then president of Bolivia in 1983, and offered to pay off the entire Bolivian International debt in one cash payment, in exchange for immunity for his drug-trafficking activities in the USA and Bolivia (wikipedia.org). Just to have an idea of how much money Roberto Suarez offered, we must remember that at the time, the Bolivian International Debt was 3 billion dollars, again, in 1980's dollars, about ten billion dollars today. Nobody knows what ever happened with this offer, obviously it was discretely ignored by everyone, but it made the news all over the world though. Finally, it is important to mention that the wealth that is presented for the fictional character Alejandro Sosa from the movie, is nothing when compared with the actual wealth Roberto Suarez amassed during his outlaw reign in Bolivia through his puppet government headed by Luis Garcia Meza. Also, Roberto Suarez Gomez, the King of Cocaine, is actually the one who started Pablo Escobar into the business. Pablo Escobar was Roberto Suarez's agent in Colombia. Thanks to Roberto Suarez support, Pablo Escobar rose rapidly through the ranks, from a street level drug dealer, into what he became, the biggest drug lord the world has ever seen. In actuality, Pablo Escobar took over the reins of the business after Roberto Suarez stepped down due to family and legal problems in Bolivia, when the USA tighten the noose once Garcia Meza was put out of power. In conclusion, it is calculated that about 10000 people in Bolivia, and about 4500 people in Miami, USA and in Colombia, lost their lives as a direct result of the illegal deals and connections of these nefarious Bolivian strong men: Luis Garcia Meza, Luis Arce Gomez, and Roberto Suarez Gomez. The Garcia Meza dictatorship was short-lived, as it only held the country's government for 13 months. After these 13 months, Garcia Meza was forced by international pressure, to turn over power to yet another Army General, Celso Torrelio Villa, in August 3, 1981. Regardless of its length in power, the Garcia Meza dictatorship has left a profound mark in the Bolivian history and in the minds of the Bolivian and the American people, not only because of the intense violence and all the civil rights abuses, but also because it created, and marked, a time in the history of both counties, strongly related to dirty money, corruption, abuse, drugs, libertinage, street violence, and the wrong way of pursuing the American Dream. The above is beautifully portrayed in the Brian De Palma film Scarface, interpreted by the great Al Pacino.

References: http://www.wikipedia.org/ For more information on General Luis Garcia Meza, go to: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Arce_G%C3%B3mez

If you have any questions, e-mail me at: pallominy@msn.com

The origin of the last name Pallominy

Last name: Pallominy (Italian). Original form: Palumbo (Roman, Latin). Meaning: Dove. The last name Pallominy is an Italian last name that has its roots in the old Roman name "Palumbo".The last name Palumbo is a word in Latin, and has pre-Christian origins. Research has shown that the last name "Palumbo" originated as the nickname of an individual, later becoming the last name of the descendants of that first member of the family, the first Palumbo. Palumbo means 'dove' in Latin, and it is believed that in ancient Rome, people started calling "Palumbo," as a nickname, to that first individual which gave origin to the Palumbo family name.It is a well-known fact, that ancient Romans, traditionaly named individuals based on their personal traits, their looks, any defects or the family's occupation or source of wealth. Examples of this custom are: the name Celsus, which means "tall"; Cato which means "wise"; Cicero which means "chickpea"; Priscus which means "ancient, old" and so forth. It is highly probably that the first Palumbo had something to do with doves or "a" dove. It is probable that he exclusively sacrificed doves to the gods in their Temples; or maybe a dove appeared in the sky when he was giving a speech, or when Palumbo was in battle; At the end, we will never know why people started calling him "Palumbo".In support of the above, Archeologist have found graffiti in Rome about a Roman gladiator called Palumbo. The graffiti is very early, maybe from the first century BC. The graffitti mentions Palumbo's prowesses as a champion gladiator and how women were in love with him, and the populace adored him. One can speculate that that gladiator was the first Palumbo in the family line, or just a descendant of an earlier Palumbo. However, one thing is certain, the first member of the Palumbo family got his name as a nickname which stuck, and later became his real name, and then the last name of a long line of individuals, which branched out bearing not only their last name in the original form "Palumbo", but in many different variants and spellings.Historical research has shown that the original "Palumbo" has been spelled and misspelled over the centuries, and millennia, not only in Italy, but where ever the descendants of that first Roman Palumbo had emigrated to live or settle. These variants and different spellings, include: Palomba, Palombi, Palombe Palombini, Pallombini, Palumbi, Palaminy, Pallumbo and Pallominy. We know this by tracking and researching historical documents, such as church and court papers in different countries. For instance, the last name "Palumbo" appears in church records as early as the 4th century AD. Also, Palumbo appears in many court records and other historical documents all over Italy and Western Europe. These papers document facts involving the Palumbo, that span over many centuries from the 4th to the 11th century AD. By tracking these church and court records, we can trace the migration trail of the Palumbo family from their origin in ancient Rome to other regions of Italy, Western Europe and later, the Americas. The Palumbo family members moved mostly to the north of the Italian peninsula, to regions such as Tuscany, Liguria, Piemonte and the Valle D'Aosta. Many Palumbo members moved to the Republic of Venice in the 1100's, as trade record show. Additionally, it appears that some members of the family settled in the south of France and founded the town of "Palaminy", in or around the end of the Frankish conquests and reign. During the Middle Ages Palaminy was under the rule of the Counts of Toulouse, the Counts of Foix and the Counts of Comminges. Additionally, during the middle ages, the city of Palaminy was an obligatory stage for the pilgrims in their way to, and from the Spanish city of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia. It is believed that the above mentioned pilgrimage to Spain is what moved some of the Palumbo descendants, and the last name, to Spain, where some variants of Palumbo are recorded in court records starting in the Middle Ages. From Spain, the last name Palumbo and its various forms, were brought to Latin America after the discovery by Christopher Columbus. In Latin America and in North America, we find the last name Palumbo, transformed into different spellings, such as: Palumbo, Palomba, Palumbe, Palomino Palomeny and other forms.Back in Italy, Palumbo and related spellings and variations of this last name, appear in court papers again. For example, in 1583 in Messina, apparently a Francesco Palumbo served as a witness in a jury trial. Also, a Sebastian Palumbo, was baptized at Monteveglo, Bologna, around the same time. Although Italian last names are traditionally the most difficult of all European languages to research genealogically, because the spelling of a given last name varies from time to time and from town to town, it is still relatively easy to trace a last name like Palumbo over the centuries. It looks like the Palumbo family branched out to England as well. In the 18th century, church records show, an Italian, Arcangelo Palumbo, married an English noble woman, Elizabeth Gray at St Anne's church, Soho, Westminster, on September 23rd 1758. By way of this marriage, Arcangelo Palumbo rose to the noble ranks of England as the new Lord Palumbo, considered a life peer, and passing the title to his descendants in England. Finally, in the new world records show that the Palumbo came to the USA from England and Italy; and that the Palumbo came to Latin America from Spain and Italy. Today, the descendants of that early Roman Palumbo family can be found in every country in the Western hemisphere.